Lateral Consonant in Turkish Veriety of Tebriz and Urmia

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Department of Linguistics, Imam Khomeini International University

2 Department of Persian Language and Literature, Eastern Languages and Literature Department, Faculty of Letters, İstanbul University, Turkey. Assistant Prof.

Abstract

The nature of lateral consonant is such that it is changeable under the influence of various factors and in different phonetic contexts. Due to the changes in the second formant frequency values ​​of the lateral, two light [l] and dark [ɫ] allophones are obtained. In the present study, the manner of articulation of this consonant in various phonetic contexts in initial, medial and final positions, formants’ frequencies, fundamental frequency, intensity and duration of those acoustic parameters were measured and investigated in Turkish variety of Tabriz and Urmia. The results of this paper showed that only at the end of the word and the first member of the cluster we saw the fricative with a lower percentage than the approximant. The frequency values ​​of the second formant of this consonant in the contexts of the front vowels were about 500 Hz higher than the frequency values ​​of this formant in the contexts of the back vowels. It had also a very high frequency of the third formant in all phonetic contexts. Data analysis showed that laterals had less energy than most vowels.

Keywords

Main Subjects


این مقاله با حمایت صندوق حمایت از پژوهشگران و فناوران کشور تحت قرارداد طرح پژوهشی "بررسی نظام آوایی زبان  آذری" با شماره 97018545 انجام شده است.  
بی‌جن‌خان، محمود (۱۳۹۲). نظام آوایی زبان فارسی. تهران: سمت.
ثمره، یداالله (۱۳۷۸).  آواشناسی زبان فارسی. تهران: نشر دانشگاهی.
شکری، مریم (۱۳۹۱). تحلیل صوت‌شناختی روان‌ها در زبان فارسی معیار. رسالۀ کارشناسی‌ارشد، تهران: دانشگاه الزهرا.
صادقی، وحید (۱۳۸۴). بازشناسی واجی کلمات فارسی: رویکردی مبتنی بر نظریه بهینگی. رسالۀ دکتری، تهران: دانشگاه تهران.
Behrman, A. (2007). Speech and voice science, San Diego: Plural Publication.
Boersma, P. & D. Weenink (2021). Praat: doing phonetics by computer [Computer program]. Version 6.1.08, retrieved from http://www.praat.org/.
Börtlü, G. (2020). The second formants of the laterals in Turkish. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, 16(2), pp. 510-520.
Canalis, S. & F. Dikmen (2020). Turkish palatalized consonants and vowel harmony. Proceedings of the workshop on Turkic and languages in contact with Turkic 5. Pp. 41–55. https://doi.org/10.3765/ptu.v5i1.4781.
Clements, G. N. & E. Sezer (1982). Vowel and consonant disharmony in Turkish. In Harry van der Hulst & Norval Smith (eds), The structure of phonological representations (Part II). pp. 213-255. Dordrecht: Foris.
Comrie, B. (1997). Turkish phonology. In Alan S. Kaye (ed.), Phonologies of Asia and Africa. pp. 883–98. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.
Delattre, P. & D. C. Freeman (1968). a dialect study of American English r's by X-ray motion picture, Linguistics 44, pp. 28-69.
Erguvanlı-Taylan, E. (2015). the phonology and morphology of Turkish. İstanbul: Boğaziçi University Press.
Göksel, A. and C. Kerslake (2005). Turkish: A comprehensive grammar. London: Routledge.
Kornfilt, J. (1997). Turkish. London: Routledge.
Ladefoged, P. & I. Maddieson (1996). The sounds of the world’s languages. Oxford: Blackwell.
Ladefoged, P. (2006). A course in phonetics. Los Angeles: Thomson.
Levi, S. (2001). Glides, Laterals, and Turkish Vowel Harmony. In proceedings from the 37th meeting of the Chicago linguistics society. pp. 379–394.
Pisowicz, A. (1985). Origins of the new and middle Persian phonological system. Nakladem Uniwersytetu: Giellonskiego.
Recasense, D. (2004). Darkness in [l] as a scalar phonetic property: Implications for phonology and articulatory control. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 18, pp. 593–603.
Recasense, D. and A. Espinose (2005). Articulatory, positional, and coarticulatory characteristics for clear /l/ and dark /l/: Evidence from two Catalan dialects, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35. pp. 1–26.
Stevens, K. N. (1998). Acoustic phonetics. Cambridge, MA and London: MIT Press.
Van Hofwegen, J. (2011). Apparent time-evolution of /l/ I one African American Community. Language Variation and Change, 22. pp. 373-396.
Zhou, X. (2011). An MRI-Based articulatory and acoustic study of American liquids /r/ and /l/. Dissertation, University of Maryland.
Zimmer, K. and O. Orgun. (2009). Turkish. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22 (1-2). pp. 43–5.