https://jill.shirazu.ac.ir/ Journal of Iranian Dialects Linguistics en daily 1 Fri, 19 Feb 2021 00:00:00 +0330 Fri, 19 Feb 2021 00:00:00 +0330 https://jill.shirazu.ac.ir/article_6153.html The article has been written according to a typological survey on clitic as a linguistic particle in Taleshi and Tati language which is one of the northwest and Caspian Seaboard languages. To consider that both Taleshi and Tati are from the same language family and different classification of clitics among Iranian dialects and languages, the writer purposes to determine the variation of clitics and their position in these two languages. Into the research, linguistic data of Taleshi and Tati has been investigated based on a questionnaire of clitics on the Max Plank website. It has been arranged on typological investigations of clitics on which has been analyzed in 5 separable parts including general features of the language, categories, specific features, place of clitics in the phrases, and its movement. The data collected from the central regions of Talesh City and Takistan province has been analyzed on basis of the descriptive-analytical- comparative method. The results will express that there is a sameness on general features and differences in variation and categories of clitics between these two languages. Also, some specific features of clitics such as stress, ordering, gap, and functions in the sentences are the same between both of these languages. Moreover, the position of clitics and their movements are the same in Taleshi and Tati and Wackernagel’s law about the second position is verifiable for these languages. https://jill.shirazu.ac.ir/article_6125.html In this research, the formal structure of dual constructions in the Lori Dehlorani dialect was examined by using Shaghaghi’s (1379) division of the reduplication process. Formal classification, following Shaghaghi’s division of the reduplication process, includes complete and incomplete reduplication and their types, completed mere reduplication, completed added reduplication, and then incomplete prefix reduplication and incomplete suffix reduplication. First, the dual constructions of the Lori Dehlorani dialect, which numbered 523 cases, were presented in separate tables and their frequency was determined. Then, the collected information was analyzed to examine the structure of dual construction in the dialect of Lori Dehlorani as one of the dialects of southwestern Iran. The results showed that the Lori Dehlorani dialect uses a variety of structures classified in the Shaghaghi classification to produce dual constructed words, and dual structures in this dialect are iconic construction, but their frequency is not the same. Thus, “dual suffix structures” with a frequency of 148 (%28) and “dual prefix structures” with a frequency of 5 cases (%1) of the total duality structures in the field of formal analysis, respectively, are the highest and lowest applications in the mentioned dialect. https://jill.shirazu.ac.ir/article_6152.html The purpose of this study was to investigate the difference between cultural-geographical words in the dialects of different regions of Iran. The question is whether the Whorfian theory of linguistic relativity is confirmed by what exists in the scope of these terms and consequently, the relationship between language and thinking process in these dialects must be considered from a cognitive perspective or this difference and the subject of "cultural-geographical vocabulary" in general should be analyzed from the opposite side, i.e. the influence of culture and society on language. This research was conducted by the descriptive-analytical method in several stages and through two questionnaires (with 110 and 148 participants, respectively). Considering all the components involved, the data were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. The results show that geographical-cultural words are related to the socio-economic conditions of cultures rather than to the cognition and way of thinking of people of different regions. These words do not reflect cognitive distinctions rather, they are a mirror of the geography, climate, ecosystem, occupations geographical-cultural customs of their speakers and as part of a larger discourse, they carry and reflect many details and unspoken words from the geography and climate of the place of production. Thus, these lexical differences go back to the differences in the culture and ecology of the speakers and it is not in the realm of linguistic relativity and cognition. The findings emphasize the narrow border between these two types of lexical differences, which is usually ignored in cognitive-discourse research. https://jill.shirazu.ac.ir/article_6133.html Goldsmith (1976), in Autosegmental Phonology, has extended the phonological representation from linear to non-linear order in tonic languages. Because of the non-linear specification and the existence of layering construction of this theory, the present study deals with Lenition processes in the Sistani dialect in terms of spreading and delinking principles as proposed in autosegmental phonology. The method of this research is descriptive-analytic. To this end, 20 male, old, low educated and rural Sistani dialect speakers have been selected by random. The data has been gathered by interviewing and recording their free speech. Then the relevant data were extracted from the recorded sentences and transcribed. The phonological rules of the data have been described and analyzed based on the principles of autosegmental phonology. The research results show that the spreading process in the Sistani dialect occurs in the form of processes including palatalization, velarization, and uvularization of nasal consonants, and place of articulation assimilation as well as spirantazation of stop consonants. Moreover, the spreading process happens in vowels in the form of nasalization as well. Also, delinking process takes place in deleting initial consonants /h/ and /ʔ/, final consonants /h/, /ʔ/, /n/, /t/and /d/, middle consonants /h/ and /ʔ/ and deleting voiced feature at the end of words. https://jill.shirazu.ac.ir/article_6140.html The present research is focused on the assessment of the efficiency of Optimality theory within Iranian (Razan and Tabriz) and Istanbul varieties of Turkish. The main research questions are as followed: 1. How much can the Optimality theory be effective in exploring the Turkish varieties? 2. Are there any typological differences in categorizing the varieties under consideration? If yes, how are they? The research results demonstrate that The Optimality theory in exploring rounding harmony in the varieties under consideration is very effective. For instance, it can realize the optimal form among the similar forms which are used in them by substituting restrictions. Despite the similarities observed within the syntactic, morphological, and other areas of the three varieties, within their typological area differences are detected, according to which the three systems can be classified in triple hypothetical categories of A, B, and C which can be proved within the tableaux of Optimality analysis. https://jill.shirazu.ac.ir/article_6121.html This article investigates the phonetic process of consonant elision of /ʁ/ (Tabriz dialect) in different phonemic environments within optimality theory (OT). The purpose of this study is to determine the phonemic circumstances in which this consonant is deleted. Also, determining deletions governing this process by examining the interaction between global violable constraints and ranking them is another purpose of this article. The research is conducted based on descriptive-analytic and field methods. Data are collected and classified according to the position where this process has taken place. Data analyses show that consonant /ʁ/ is always deleted on the boundary between two syllables: 1. at the coda position of the first syllable. 2. at the onset position of second syllables. But it should be noted that this consonant has never had a phonetic appearance in the beginning part of the first syllable of words and also never been deleted from the coda position of words. In syllable boundary, i.e. in both positions markedness constraint MAX-ʁ≠ and *ʁ is active and located in a higher ranking position than faithfulness constraint MAX-IO (segment). The results show that both above cases happen following the deletion process of consonant /ʁ/, compensatory lengthening, deletion, and changing in syllable structure. Findings also show that constraints with fixed ranking can easily explain the deletion of this consonant in these two positions and not deleting it from the coda position of the word. https://jill.shirazu.ac.ir/article_6137.html The present research describes and analyses some phonological processes of spirantization, approximation, and deletion in Sirjani variety based on optimality theory by using the descriptive and analytical method, this theory is the work of Prince and Smolensky and is one of constraint-based theory. To conduct this research, 10 male and female speakers aged 50-65 years and illiterate were randomly selected. Linguistic data were collected using free speech recording, interviews with speakers, and available library resources related to the Sirjani variety. The collected data, after being confirmed by the native researcher of this research, are classified and ranked according to the type of process that results from interaction faithfulness and markedness constraints. Some of the obtained results of this research are: the factor of occurrence of lenition process in optimality theory is, the phonetic stimulus in reduction of production attempt. This phonetic stimulus is in the form of LAZY constraint. Also characterized the type of occurrence of any of phonological processes of lenition in Sirjani variety. https://jill.shirazu.ac.ir/article_6126.html Azeri Turkic is an agglutinative language. One of its dialects is widely spoken in Tabriz. The goal of this paper is to study the functions of suffixes in Tabriz dialect. In the present paper, the independence and meaningfulness of the forms are the criteria for determining the type of a form in the explanation of the morphological and syntactic functions of the simple suffixes. The result of the study shows that, in Azeri Turkic, a suffix helps a verb to change into a non-verb word and extends its own function. Moreover, a suffix helps non-verb words conjugate like verbs. This helps verbs and other words to be so various and numerous that they can express meanings, concepts, and emotions with delicate and elaborate differences. 80 suffixes out of 196 suffixes found inAzeri Turkic are simple. A word can take up to 7 suffixes. Some of the suffixes determine the morphological nature of a word and some others determine its syntactic functions. Morphological suffixes immediately follow a stem while the syntactic suffixes occur in the final position. The suffixes have different phonetic realizations on the basis of vowel harmony rules. https://jill.shirazu.ac.ir/article_6131.html Gilaki is a member of the northwestern Iranian language branch, spoken in Gilan Province.  In this article, the sonority sequencing principle is described in Eastern Gilaki syllables. The sonority sequencing principle (SSP) states that the syllable nucleus constitutes a sonority peak that is preceded or followed by a sequence of consonants with progressively decreasing sonority values. The vowels are the most sonorous segments and form the peak or nucleus of each syllable.  The more sonorous segments are closer to the peak and the less sonorous ones are further away from it.  In this research 980 CVCC lexical items were obtained among 23,660 words. The sequence of coda clusters was presented in separate tables based on the syllable's vowels. The results showed that the syllable structure in Gilaki is CV(C)(C) in which the presence of one consonant in the onset position and a vowel in the nucleus is obligatory, and having one or two consonants in coda position is optional. Also, the consonant expression in the syllable-final cluster shows that the principle of the sequencing sonority is confirmed in some data, and in some others, it has been violated. In most syllables where the CC cluster is closed by glides [l, r], nasals [n, m], and fricatives [s, z, f], the reproduction principle has been violated. https://jill.shirazu.ac.ir/article_5758.html Homonymy is a phenomenon in which different linguistic categories have the same phonological and orthographic form. This study aims to investigate different functions of “-æ “in Malekshahi Kurdish. The data is collected from native speakers of Malekshahi Kurdish. Hopper (1996) and Heine and et. al.  (1991) as theoretical frameworks are used to examine the reasons for different functions of morpheme “-æ “and also the reasons for the homonymy of morpheme “-æ”. The findings show that different linguistic categories are represented by the bound morpheme “-æ “. It may be used in various contexts as a proclitic, inflectional or derivational affix. As an inflectional affix, it is suffixed to nouns and noun phrases to signal definiteness in Malekshahi Kurdish. As a proclitic, “-æ” is suffixed to verbs to function as an auxiliary or linking verb to represent perfect aspect. It is also used as an applicative form of two prepositions “to” and “in” which are attached to some given verbs. “-æ” is, also, used to represent two derivational affixes to make onomatopoeias and some nouns. Each manifestation of “-æ” has undergone some phonological, morphological, and syntactic changes due to grammaticalization which is the underlying reason for this homonymy. https://jill.shirazu.ac.ir/article_6134.html The present study investigates and explains the consonants and vowels, the syllable structure, and also the consonantal clusters in the Laki dialect of Kouhdasht. The research method is analytic–descriptive. The data in this study was collected through field study by recording the speech of speakers with an average age of 30-70 years. In addition, we have used one of the writer's linguistic intuition who is the native speaker of this dialect as well as the written sources in this connection.  The data has been transcribed according to the International Phonetic Alphabet "IPA". The results of the research indicate that the phonological system of this dialect has 27 consonants. The dialect list of vowels also consists of nine simple vowels and six compound vowels. The syllable structure in this dialect is C (C) V (C) (C). Also, in this dialect, there are no more than two consonant clusters, either at the beginning or at the end of the syllable. The research results show that in the mentioned dialect in syllable structures with one consonant in their onset, the consonants /L, ŋ, r/ cannot occur at the onset of a syllable, and in syllable constructions with two consonants at the beginning, the second consonant can only be /w/ or /y/ and no other consonant can be. https://jill.shirazu.ac.ir/article_6129.html Vagueness is an intrinsic feature of natural languages. A noticeable number of linguistic terms and variables are not clear, accurate, and certain. Although employing uncertain terms such as accent, dialect, and language variety imply a clear-cut linguistic area, our experience leads us toward a fuzzy division of linguistic area without definite boundaries; these terms are vague. To make the ambiguity of these terms clear, therefore, current study applied fuzzy logic in clustering language varieties and illustrating their linguistic interrelationship. It shows that a variety can belong in one or multiple sets of language varieties simultaneously, to some specific but different values. Truth value or the degree of membership may be any real number between 0 and 1 which accurately represents the relation in the cluster. Therefore, there is no need to accept the integrity of clustering and vagueness implied in terms like language, dialect, and accent in their traditional definition. https://jill.shirazu.ac.ir/article_6162.html Compounding is one of the major processes of word formation in the world language. Formal and semantic examination of compound words has always been one of the main concerns of morphology researchers. So far, different classifications have been presented for compound words, and exocentric compound is one of the most important of them. In Laki, which is one of the languages belonging to the northwest branches of the Iranian language, compounding is the most important word-formation process and the majority of its compounds and exocentric. The present article aims to investigate the synthetic, metaphorical and transpositional types of exocentric compound words in Laki based on Bauer (2017). The results of the study show that synthetic exocentric compound has seven different structures: [N+V], [Adj+V], [Adv+V], [P+V], [P+N+V], [N+P+V] and [N+N+V]. These compounds are of high semantic diversity and are used to express the noun of agent, instrument, place, time and similarity, and agent and patient adjectives. There are also instances of metaphorical and transitional compounds and exocentricity by language change or social change in Laki, but their diversity and frequency are by far less than those of synthetic compounds. https://jill.shirazu.ac.ir/article_6165.html All human languages are similar to each other by essence and because of the distribution of their speakers and their historic changes, each language has its varieties. Each language has three substructures which are phonology, morphology and syntax. These three substructures are language specific. Kordali is a variety of the Kordish family. With the purpose of describing phonological, morphological and syntactic systems of Kordali, the data was collected from the Kordali informants which are residents in Dehloran city, one of the Ilam province's cities. This study is designed in a descriptive-analytic manner and the research is based on both biblical and field research. The field research is based on face to face interview with 12 informants. The data is phonetically transcribed with IPA2020. The morphological and syntactic analysis in this study is based on "The grammar of Persian language 1st". Based on the results of the data, Kordali variety has 9 vowels and 28 consonants. There are all kinds of verbs except two-sided verbs and impersonal verbs, and there are all kinds of nouns, adjectives, pronouns, adverbs, pseudo-sentences and function words also there are declaratives, interrogatives, expressives, imperatives and simple and complex sentences in Kordali. https://jill.shirazu.ac.ir/article_6182.html The purpose of this study was to examine one of the suprasegmental features called syllable prominence in Isfahanian accent. In order to do this, the effect of variables such as frequency, intensity and duration in creation of syllable prominence have been investigated. To do this research, the eighteen words of the Persian language have been chosen in a way that each of the six simple vowels of the Persian language (three short vowels and three long vowels) are placed at the beginning, middle and end of the words. Then, these words were pronounced once and again in the form of the carrier, by the eleven native speakers of Isfahani, aged between forty to fifty years old. The speaker's voice were recorded by using Sony X recorder, then cognitive fragmentation do in praat program and the values of variable are extracted and analyzed by using SPSS software.The findings of this study have shown that the place of frequency in the words of two and three syllables was first syllable,the place of duration was last syllable and the place of intensity was before the last syllable. https://jill.shirazu.ac.ir/article_6183.html Morphological and syntactic study of personal names is one of the areas of onomastic studies which is known as linguistic onomastics. This paper, focusing on personal names in Lāmerdi dialect (a Persian dialect in the south of Fars province, Iran), is one of the first attempts to study personal names in Iranian dialects. Lāmerdi personal names, dividing into ‘simple’, ‘complicated’ and ‘group’ names, are studied from a morphological and syntactic point of view. Findings reveal that clipping is the widely-used word-formation process in simple and complicated personal names. This process is categorized into back-clipping, middle-clipping, irregular, and fore-clipping. It is also found that Lāmerdi people commonly use such suffixes as –ol, -ak, -ā, -aku and –i to express emotions like reproach, pejoration and endearment in different situational contexts. Among of them –ol and -aku are marked for gender and social status. The study of “group names” and their four syntactic structures in Lāmerdi unveils an old Iranian tradition of naming, although ignored in formal contexts because of the dominant Arabic tradition, it has survived in Iranian dialects. https://jill.shirazu.ac.ir/article_6227.html Lenition, is a phonological process in which, a phonological segment is produced more weakly or become more sonorous. This term is often developed to any other phonological processes which show weakening. This research studies the role and the type of phonological strength rules on occurring lenition processes in Persian language in its evolution from the middle Persian to the modern Persian based on Foleyʹs historical view. To do this, 120 Middle Persian words were selected from different Pahlavi dictionaries and were analyzed. One of the research findings is that the elision at the end of the word and fricativization at the beginning of it, between two vowels and the coda of the syllable (before the continuant consonants of the onset of the next syllable), have been applied to plosive consonants. Another achievement of this research is that the plosive lenition has been accompanied by two successive processes of "increasing of the sonority" and "opening of the articulatory stricture". https://jill.shirazu.ac.ir/article_6276.html Due to the fact that the grammar sources of the Azerbaijani Turkish language are generally traditional and no distinction is made between the elements of tense and aspect in this approach, so the present study has tried to examine and compare the two concepts in the Turkish and English languages based on the Halliday’s systemic functional grammar. In all the traditional grammar sources of Turkish language -'ir' , -'ar/әr and – ‘miş’ which in fact represent the process of occurrence of the verb, are considered as representatives of tense. In other words it seems that in the Turkish language grammar sources we come across with the fusion of the concepts of tense and aspect. On the other hand in the systemic functional grammar the mentioned morphemes are not included in the finite group, but, in the residue part they play the first role of the predicator, i.e, they express the temporal view of the event or state of the verbs. Also it was found that present tense morpheme in the Turkish language – contrary to the traditional grammar - is represented by the absence of the morpheme ‘- di’, that is with a zero morpheme which according to the systemic functional grammar is placed in the 'predicator section. https://jill.shirazu.ac.ir/article_6290.html The study of metaphors through cognitive approach illustrates how much mental images would lead to abstract concepts. In this study, which was done in the cultural linguistics framework, in order for the metaphors of water to be explained in Azerbaijani Turkish, two processes of categorization and image schemas had been used. The data were collected through interviews with 30 Turkish native speakers, accordingly 11 highly used words were extracted. Besides, Turkish dictionaries, books and poems were used. First, the sense relation of every single word related to water was singled out. Then categorization and schemata processes were used to determine their precise metaphoric meanings to determine the viewpoint of native speakers of Azerbaijani Turkish language to the metaphors of water. The findings of the study show that nature affects native speakers’ speech and they use the names of nature metaphorically in their speech. There are ten metaphoric expressions of water with positive usage and one with negative usage that are used by native speakers in specific situations. The results of the study would be beneficial for poets, writers, linguists, and teachers. https://jill.shirazu.ac.ir/article_6357.html This paper examines grammatical gender in Āmora’i. This language is spoken in Āmora village in Khalajestan rural area in Qom province. It is a transitional language showing features between Central Plateau and North Western Iranian languages. Āmora’i is an endangered language based on demographic factors. The language has preserved gender features compared to neighborhood Iranian languages. It has two grammatical genders: Masculine and Feminine. Feminine gender is marked by inflectional suffixes '-a' and '-iya'. Consonant ending words are marked with '-a'. While '-iya' marks the vowel ending words as gender suffix. These markers attach to nouns, pronouns, indefiniteness markers, adjectives and verbs. The gender of the noun phrase head triggers the gender agreement on verbs, adjectives, indefinite markers and pronouns. The gender agreement in verbs and adjectives is true with all animate and inanimate nouns. While indefiniteness and pronouns are agree with humans. The verb’s gender agreement is only possible for past tenses. Meanwhile there is ergative agreement in Āmorai past verb tenses, thus, they agree with patient gender. This agreement is not only limited to third singular pronoun which expresses the gender marker but also, it is true for all other persons. https://jill.shirazu.ac.ir/article_6363.html word-formation is vital issue in morphology and reduplication has been one of the productive sub-branches in word-formation domain. Reduplication is found in a variety of languages and dialects, so the mentioned process has been analyzed in different perspectives. Optimality is one of these theories which seeks to explore similarities among different dialects and languages. This article argues and describes reduplication process based on Correspondence Theory in Shushtari Dialect, one of the sub-branches of Bakhtiari Dialect from the New Iranian southwestern languages. The research's methodology is descriptive-analytic and the data has been gathered from Shushtari Dialect texts, dictionaries and the NORM speakers of Shushtar city in Khuzestan province. One of the authors who is a native speaker of this dialect also has used her own knowledge in data analysis. The consequences of data analysis have demonstrated, reduplication in Shushtari is divided into different kinds of total and partial reduplication. Then regarding the structural patterns, the related constraints of each process have been identified and ranked in tableau. Furthermore, the findings approved the effectiveness of Correspondence Theory in different kinds of reduplication. In addition, the specific markedness and faithfulness constraints are followed by a special hierarchy in this process. https://jill.shirazu.ac.ir/article_6380.html The present study investigates vowel shortening process in Persian and Central Kurdish languages based on optimization theory. As the same phonological processes approximately occur in co-type languages, in the present of long vowels in Persian and Kurdish, it is expected that vowel shortening process occur in these languages. In the present study, Phonological analysis of data showed that vowel shortening occurs in high and low vowels in both Persian and Kurdish. In Persian, three long vowels /i, u, ɑ/ and in Kurdish, two long vowels /i, ɑ/ undergo vowel shortening process. Depending on the phonetic context, in the both languages the vowel /ɑ/ can only be reduced to two short vowels /e/ and /æ/ in Persian and two short vowels /ə/ and /æ/ in Kurdish. In Persian the number and variety of context in which long vowels are shortened is more than Kurdish is. Optimality analysis showed that the type and ranking of faithfulness constraints and markedness constraints on shortening of long vowels /ɑ/ and /i/ are the same in different phonological contexts of Persian and Kurdish. https://jill.shirazu.ac.ir/article_6395.html “Language”, “Culture” and “Social Actors” are the key components of identity in contemporary literature. In her authobiographical Queen of Bamyan(2021), Masoomeh Halimi makes the Persian speakers of the world familiar with Hazaragi and Iranian dialects of this language. This study aims at scrutinizing the writer’s ideological perspective through Van Leeuwen’s model of discourse analysis and structural analysis of Hazaragi dialect used in Queen of Bamyan.The research methodology is descriptive-analytic using the materials available in libraries. Data analysis is done through eight levels of Van Leeuwen’s model(2008) and their frequencies are determined by using SPSS and based on the results of Chi-square test. In language level, there is a meaningful difference in the frequencies of Turkish loanwords and the others. This reveals that Hazaragi dialect is highly rooted in Turkish language. In content level, the findings indicate that Halimi has put more emphasis on the feature of “Nomination” since she has represented social actors by generization and specification based on Shia culture of Bamyan. Halimi has made valuable step in preserving Persian language by utilizing hazaragi and Iranian dialects in her novel. https://jill.shirazu.ac.ir/article_6397.html In this study, based on data obtained from a number of languages and dialects of Iran (as well as a number of languages out of Iran) the process of reduplication has been studied in framework of the views of Inkelas and Zoll (2005). The study aims, mainly, to answer these questions: What are the functions of reduplication in languages and dialects of Iran? 2) What kind of explanation can be given for the common functions of reduplication in different languages? To answer these questions, after raising the issue and stating the research methodology, first the literature and the research data are reviewed and analyzed, and then, a series of discussions and conclusions are given. Analyses and discussions in the article show that in the languages and dialects studied, reduplication is used to add different meanings to the base. Research studies also show that nominalization is another common function of reduplication in languages and dialects of Iran. In addition, it has been argued that within the framework of Inkelas and Zoll, it is not possible to provide a satisfactory explanation for some of the data, and that this pattern should be reorganized in a way that be able to explain more types of reduplication. Also, it has been argued that paying attention to the concept of iconicity is helpful in explaining the phenomenon of reduplication. In addition, it has been said that binary structures based on onomatopoeia, can also be considered as forms of reduplication.